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Describe the evolution of the demand for framing the Constitution of India.

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The evolution of the demand for framing the Constitution of India: The demand for making the constitution of India was not sudden, but it developed with independence movements. 

The evolution of the demand for making the Constitution is given as below:

1. The First Idea of the Theory of the Constituent Assembly: 

The first idea of Constituent Assembly was presented by the extremist leader of the National Movement, Bal Gangadhar Tilak. This idea was included in ‘Swarajya Bill’ prepared under his leadership in 1895. 

2. The Thought of Mahatma Gandhi: 

Mahatma Gandhi expressed this opinion on February 5, 1922 and said that swaraj would not be a gift from British parliament, rather it will be a declaration of self expression of India. The wish would not be declared by the bureaucracy, rather would be declared by the representatives elected by the Indian people. He further declared that the political future of India would be decided by the Indians themselves. This demand by Mahatma Gandhi motivated and inspired other Indian leaders to raise the demand of Indian Constitution. 

3. The Initiative of Annie Besant: 

In 1922, at the intiation of Srimati Annie Besant, a meeting of two houses of central legislature was held in Shimala. It was decided in that meeting that an all party conference would be called to plan for making the Constitution of India, and this conference was held in January 1915. Commonwealth Indian Bill was proposed and moved which was the very first effort for presenting the guidelines of constitutional system. 

4. A demand of Constituent Assembly by Moti Lai Nehru: 

In 1924, Pt. Moti Lai Nehru put the demand for forming the Constituent Assembly before British Government. British Government thought that the setting up of Constituent Assembly in India would not be possible due to communal and religious differences. The Indian National Congress accepted the British challenge and a nationwide all-party conference was held under the chairmanship of M.A. Ansari on January 28, 1928. 29 organisations participated in it. All political parties unanimously declared that an absolute representative governance alone can be the only solution of the Constitutional Problem in India. 

5. All Party Conference and Nehru Report: 

On May 29, 1928 an All Party Conference was held in Bombay. A Committee was appointed in the Chairmanship of Pt. Moti Lai Nehru “to determine the Principles of the Indian Constitution.” The Committee submitted its report on 10 August 1928, which became famous as Nehru Report. It was the first attempt made by the Indians for a perfect Constitution for their country. It is notable that a Parliamentary System was imagined in which the government was made responsible to the Parliament, the Fundamental Rights monitored by Courts were proposed, and the Rights of Minorities were secured. The Concept which was imagined in the Nehru Report was adopted in the constitution of India as it was. 

6. The thought of communist leader M.N. Roy: 

The presentation of the thought of the formation of constituent Assembly was made by the Communist leader M.N. Roy; which was formulated by Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru in 1934. 

7. The Efforts made by Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru: 

Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru formulated a presentable form to the thought of the Communist leader M.N. Roy in 1934. Nehru said that if it was accepted that the fortune of India would be decided by only Indian people, then Indian people should be given all the rights and freedom for making of Indian Constitution. In 1928, Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru said that the formation of the Constituent Assembly would he made by the elected Constituent Assembly through Adult Franchise directly and no external interference would be accepted. 

8. The proposal of the demand of Constituent Assembly in Congress Conference: 

On 18 December, 1936 in Lucknow session of Congress, a proposal was moved and declared, “The Indians will not accept any constitution imposed by any external government.” Later on, conferences were held in 1937 and 1938, wherein, the same demand for making of constitution was repeated. In 1939, after the start of second world war, the same demand for making of Constituent Assembly was repeated in the Congress Executive committee meeting held on September 17, 1939. 

9. The demand of Constituent Assembly was accepted in August Proposal by the British Government theoretically: 

The British Government kept on ignoring the demand for formation of the Constituent Assembly. Due to the pressure of second world war, and national and international pressure, the British Government agreed to the making of the constitution by Indians themselves.

On August 6, 1940 in a statement, the British government accepted the demand for making of the Constituent Assembly officially for the first time and declared that making of the Constitution is main responsibility of Indians, but this process would be started only after the war, During this period, some more Indians would be included in the Executive Council of the Governor General.

10. Cripps Plan: 

In 1942, British Government accepted the demand for forming the Constituent Assembly through Cripps Plan. The elected Constituent Assembly would be formed in India and the Constituent Assembly would prepare the Indian constitution. There were some other provisions in that Cripps Plan which were rejected by Indians. As a result, several proposals of Cripps Plan could not be applied. 

11. Cabinet Mission Proposal: 

The British Prime Minister Clement Attlee sent a Cabinet Mission to India which made several proposals regarding formation of the Constituent Assembly. The reports were accepted by the British Government and was passed and made the basis for the formation of the Constituent Assembly.

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