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in Rajasthan: Climate, Vegetation and Soil by (45.0k points)
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What do you understand by the term soil conservation ? State the methods soil conservation.

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Meaning of soil conservation: Soil conservation is the prevention of soil loss from erosion, or reduced fertility caused by over-usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination. Slash and burn and other unsustainable methods of subsistence farming are practiced in some lesser developed areas which reduce soil fertility.

Methods of Soil Conservation: 

The major methods for soil conservation used worldwide are:

1. Practice of Contour Ploughing: Contour ploughing involves planting crops following the contour of the landscape rather than planting crops in straight vertical rows. This orients crop furrows to follow the contour lines, thus reducing water run-off during rain storms. 

2. Practice of Terrace Farming: Terrace farming is almost similar to contour farming. It uses the land topography to establish a series of terraces to reduce water run-off during rain storms. It involves the practice of creating closely – leveled areas in a hillside area, like a series of steps with each step placed at a higher level than the previous one. 

3. Practicing Organic Farming: Organic farming is exclusively reliant on green manure, compost, biological pest control, and crop rotation to produce crops, livestock and poultry. 

4. Embankment: To reduce the slopes of field, the boundary wall should be made a little bit high so that the run-off of water at the time of rain storms may be checked. 

5. Cover Crops or Crop Rotation: Crop rotation is the systematic planting of different crops in a particular order over several years to maintain the nutrients in the soil, reduce soil erosion and prevent plant diseases and pests, 

6. Afforestation: Afforestation provides an extensive tree root network that offers a long-term solution for soil erosion and so it is the best method for soil conservation. It also helps in increasing the water absorption capacity of soil. 

7. Controlled Grazing: Controlled grazing over the pastures is helpful in soil conversation because due to this the grass gets enough time to develop again. 

8. Construction of Ponds and Dams: Construction of small ponds at suitable places to store excess water is a good practice to raise the ground water level, while the dams are capable to store the overflowing water of rivers and so they can help in reducing soil erosion. 

9. Other Methods: For soil conservation, other methods such as dry farming, field strip cropping, mulching, basin listing, sub – soiling, gully control etc. can also be practiced.

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