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Discuss the social and religious life of Indus-Saraswati Civilization.

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India is one of the ancient nations of the world. Its history, civilization and culture is also age-old. On the basis of excavations, approximately about 5-7 thousand years ago, people who roamed on the banks of rivers Indus-Saraswati started living there and settled. By living there they developed a prosperous culture and civilization.

The Indus river is originated from North of Kailash-Mansarovar of Tibet. While origin of Saraswati river is from Shivaliks, it enters the plains at Adibadri. It enters Nohar of Rajasthan after flowing in South-East direction draining Kurushetra from Ghagar, Hakra and Sirsi in Haiyana. Here it flows through Jaisalmer, Bikaner then Kuchchh of Gujarat and empty itself at Prabhaspatan in sea.

But now due to change in geological structure-, it has become extinct. Due to its nonphysical extistence, some intellectuals consider it an imagination but pictures taken by artificial satellites prove the existence of Saraswati river and it is flowing even today. In holy books of Hindus Ramayana, Mahabharata and Vedic literature, evidence of this river is quiet sufficient for its authenticity.

In Rajasthan, remains present on banks of river Saraswati found even today. Kalibangan is one of them. Civilization developed on vast land of Indus-Saraswati and their tributaries is known as Indus-Saraswati Civilization. It was the centre of India’s ancient civilization as it was buried down under sand dunes. People do not have universal view regarding this period, its peak, prosperity and decline, because it was developed long back and it was fully developed in 3250 BC, it reached to its peak upto 2750 BC. After this started declining and by 1500 BC it became extinct.

  • In 1921, Raibahadur Dayaram Sahani discovered an ancient sand dune on the left bank of river Ravi where a town was established named Harappa in Punjab at the time of undivided or unpartitioned India. Another archaeologist of India Rakhal Das Bannerjee discovered a mound named Mohanjodaro situated at East Bank of river Indus drained in Indus region of district Larkana in unpartitioned India. Meaning of Mohanjodaro is ‘mound of the deads’ (Murdo Ka Tila). Out of this mound remains of that town indicate that this civilization nine times developed and nine times declined. In series of excavations Aurlastine discovered 11 excavations in the diy drainage area of Saraswati River in ‘Bahavalpur State (Riyasat) now in Pakistan. It was a point of dry river Saraswati and Hara river.
  • Still 1500 places are discovered related to Indus-Saraswati Civilization. Out of them 900 are in India and 600 in Pakistan. After partition of India in 1947 the big places of this civilization Harappa, Mahenjodaro and Ganeriwala, etc. went to Pakistan while Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, Lothal, Rangpur, etc. are included in India. In India historians and archaeologists started their work in a new way after Independence in 1947. In Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat many places related to Saraswati-Drishdwati river valley were discovered. In 1953, Amlanand Ghosh discovered 25 places in Bikaner of Rajasthan.
  • Among them Kalibangan is main. Ropar in Punjab, Lothal, Rangpur and Rojdi in Gujarat, Bada Sandhol, Rakhigarhi, Banwali, Meetathal in Haiyana, etc. are other cities. People were engaged in different occupations according to their ability and contributed in social management. Religious, administrative, medical, security and production were main fields of work. People were mainly worshippers of natural forces. They worshipped earth, Peepal, Neem, Jal, Surya, Agni and considered them divine power. They believed in magic, orthodox rituals and sacrifice of animals. Yajpas and fire worship was in trend. Scent sticks were used in worship and death ceremony was done by funeral.

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