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Describe the main characteristics of Mesopotamian Civilization.

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1. Mesopotamia, a word of Greek language, means land between two rivers. The modern name of this country is Iraq. This region is irrigated by two rivers, i.e., Dajla and Farat. It is also called fertile semi-lunar because of its semi-circular shape and fertility. 

2. In ancient time southern part of this region was called ‘Sumer’, it was the centre of civilization. North-eastern part of Sumer was called Babul (Babylon) and Akkad, while Northern upland (Citadel) was called Aseria.

3. Sumerian people who came from North mountaineous region later settled in Mesopotamia and developed a very prosperous civilization. They established a Town- State government. Ur, Lagash, Erek, and Eridu were famous TownStates. In 2500 BC, Sagan I came from Akkad, won the Sumerian people and established a strong state by mixing Sumer and Akkad. But by 2100 BC, people of Akkad also lost their state and a new dynasty named Sami originated in Babylon and Babylon became the capital of this new state. The most famous king of Hammurabi controlled the war of different states and implemented equal laws and made a vast strong nation. Babylonian civilization also based on Sumerian civilization. Later in around 1100612 BC, Aserian people established their administration or empire in Mesopotamia. They established a vast empire after winning Syrea, Philistine, Phinesia, etc. Later Caldean people defeated Aserians and established a second Babylonian empire during 612 BC to 539 BC but they were also defeated by Parsis in 539 BC. In this way, civilizations of Sumerian, Babylonian, Aserian and Caldean equally known as Mesopotamian Civilization. 

4. Babylonian king Hamurabi formed a Code of Conduct for his subjects which is the oldest of those times. It was engraved of 8 feet high rock. His principle of punishment was based on Tit-for-Tat’ and ‘Blood against Blood’. 

5. King was considered the representative of God on earth. After king and his family, Purohit was the second who might be the administrator before monarchial system. In middle class, feudals, traders and shopkeepers were included. Dasas (Slaves) held the meanest position in the society. Military got importance due to continuous war.

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