Main characteristics of the Kalibangan: In 1950-51 AD, first of all excavation was started here under the leader ship of an archaeologist named Amalananda Ghosh in 1950-51. Later on, Indian Archaeological Survey started excavating in 1961, which continued till 1965, under the control of V.K. Thapar and B.V. Lai. V.K. Thapar determined its time period as 2300 BC through radio carbon method. In this, 25 sites have been found in the north of Rajasthan and valley of the Ghaggar river. They all belong to Harappan civilization and Kalibangan is one of them. The location was full of inhabitants on the banks of Saraswati (Ghagghar) river in the Hanumangarh district, 4500 years ago. Specially two mounds of urban planning have been recovered in Kalibangan – eastern mound, where a common locality has been found and western mound, where which has a defensive rampart around it.
Black bangles have been discovered from in a huge quantity, and therefore, this place became famous with the name Kalibangan. The remains of forest, ploughed fields, roads, locality, drains and the houses of rich people have been discovered from here. The walls of the houses were built with mud bricks, which were joined with one another with mud. The houses were airy and related to roads on both sides. The breadth of the roads was 1.8 to 7.2 mt. Four main roads led from north to south and three roads led from east to west. The drains of wood and bricks have been found to carry filthy water. The remains of fire places have also been discovered the houses. During the excavation, some unique pots have also been discovered, which have paintings of flowers, leaves, dice, birds, date palms and animals drawn with chalk.
In the excavation, lead, pieces of clothes, various bangles, toys, vehicles with wheels, copper tools, weights to weigh and measure, a belt of copper, comb of ivory, and other many things have been discovered. Here, earthen stamps have also been discovered, which bear the portraits of Saindhav civilization which was their script. Archaeologists said that ploughing with a plough had began here first time in the world. There have been found three types of graves, i.e., rectangular, circular and pitcher shaped. The town planning was just as the city planning of the Indus Valley. The civilization kept on flourishing till 1750 BC. It is believed that this civilization came to an end due to drought, change in river route or filling of the Rann of Kutchchh with sand. Because of lack of rains, this spot changes into a desert.
