Causes of Indian renaissance of 19th century are:
1. Religious causes: In the 18th and 19th century, Indian religions and society was dominated by orthodoxy. Indian society was divided into many castes and sub¬castes. Christian and Muslim missionaries took advantage of this situation and started converting people into their own religion. Then Hindu missionaries became aware and thought that religious evils which entered Hinduism or Hindu religion, should be stopped. Hence, reformers lit a new inspiration among country people. All this caused a new pride to be born in the hearts of the people of India regarding ancient glory and ideals. It gave impetus to national movement.
2. Spread of western education: During the British rule in India, spread of western education took place. It gave opportunity to Indians to study thought of the western philosophers and intellectuals.
3. Propagation of Christianity: Activeness of Christian missionaries created a great reaction in Indians, and they put efforts to remove socio-religious evils and bringing awareness.
4. Literature: Books, magazines and newspapers gave birth to National feelings. Among * them Anand Math, Samvad Kaumudi and Shivaji (a Marathi novel) are main.
5. Printing Press and printing material: Due to establishment of Printing press in India, newspapers and magazines in English were published up to 1875. They make Indians equipped with social evils.
6. Wave of Buddhist philosophy in Europe: During this period, a wave of Buddha philosophy was prevailing in Europe. In this stress was given on independent thinking. Indians also adopted the same and introduced Indian knowledge and culture to Europeans.
7. Influence of foreign scholars: William John and Maxmuller translated the Indian scriptures in English. Indians and Europeans took inspiration from these glorious past of India.
8. In the mid of 19th century Calcutta Hindu College Established: In the mid of 19th century, Calcutta Hindu College was established in Bengal, it became the medium of change among Indians. In this, thought of European professor Dezoreo was important.
9. Birth of socio-religious reformers: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Swami Vivekananda, Keshav Chandra- Sen, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotiba Phule, etc. took birth in Indian Society. These reforms awakened a new wave among Indian religions and society.
