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Describe the types of forests and their conservation in India.

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Types of forests in India 

1. The Evergreen forests: Such forests are found in the areas with rainfall more than 200 cm and an average temperature of 24°C. Arunanchal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Western slopes of Western Ghats and Andaman-Nicobar islands are such areas where these forests are found. The main trees are Rubber, Mahogany, Ebony, Bamboo and Gurjan. There is a diversity and intensity of vegetation. The trees are so dense that the sun rays can hardly reach the lower part of the trees. Their height varies between 30 to 45 metres.

2. The Monsoon forests: These forests are found in the areas having rainfall between 100 to 200 cm. They are also called Deciduous forests because they shed leaves in summers. They are found in the lower and outer slopes of Punjab to Assam along Himalayas, leeward slopes of Western Ghat, South part of Eastern Ghat and Chhota Nagpur plateau area. Major trees found here are the Teakwood, Sal, Sheesham, Kusum, Palas, Bamboo, Jarul, Redwood, Aamla, etc. Their woods are used for making furniture, railway sleepers, ships, etc. The trees found in the Monsoon forests are high and dense.

3. The Dry Thorny forests: They are found in the areas with rainfall between 50 to 100 cm. Roots of the trees found here are very large and thick. They are found in the South-West Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Southern Uttar Pradesh of the Northern India and Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, arid parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Main trees are Babul, Khejra, Nagfani, Bargad, Keekar, Kair, etc.

4. The Desert forests: They are found in the areas with rainfall less than 50 cm. They are found in the Western Rajasthan, Punjab and Gujarat. The trees found here are Kair, Babul, Khejra, Nagfani, etc.

5. The Tidal forests: They are also called the Swamp forests. They are found mainly in the area where the water is brought by the tides along the sea coast. These areas are the deltas of the rivers Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

6. The Mountain forests: These forests are found in the Himalayan region having a height more than 1500 mt and in the Southern India in the areas having height more than 910 mt, as in Nilgiri, Shivoiy, Annamalai, Palnihills, Mahabaleshwar and Panchmadhi. Oak, Chestnut, Deodar, Chic, etc. are some important trees found here.

Conservation of forests in India The conservation of forests is a necessity to meet the rising demands and to save from environmental hazards. The first forest policy in India was adopted in 1894. A new forest policy was declared, after independence on 31st May, 1954 specifying that there should be forests on 33% part of land. In 1988, a new forest policy was declared, with three objectives. 

They are:

1. Environmental stability. 

2. Conservation of plants and wildlife. 

3. To meet out the basic needs of the common people.

The government is running several programmes and plans in the direction of forest conservation.

The important ones are:

1. Social forestry scheme 

2. Establishment of National Parks and Sanctuaries 

3. Efforts by the Forest Research Institute of Dehradun and the Central Arid Zone Research Institute of Jodhpur to increase the land under forests and to check the expansion of forests.

In order to encourage the efforts for forest conservation, the Rajasthan government provides different types of awards as Vaniki Pandit Award, Amrita Devi Award, etc. Similar efforts by the other states of India can go a long to promote the programmes for forest conservation in India.

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