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What is wetland? Explain the types of wetlands.

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Wetlands are the areas where water covers the soil all year or a part of year. Wetlands support both aquatic and terrestrial species that includes well adapted hydrophytes. It is 6% of the soil world area.
On the basis of nature of water, the wetlands are of two types –

(i) Fresh water wetland :
It is saturated with fresh water. The plants of this wetland are more productive and provide food and shelter for inhabiting organisms. It prevents flood by retaining more water. Which gradually drains in the rivers. The wetland keeps the running water polluted water clean.
It is used to cultivate fruits like black berry and blue berry, wild rice, moss etc.
It is of three types viz-
(a) Marshes – It inhabits grass like plants.
(b) Swamps – It inhabits trees & bushes.
(c) Riversides – They are found near the river banks in low areas.

(ii) Salt water wetland or Tidal wetland :
It is found along the sea coast and it is saturated with sea water. It provides food and shelter for marine animals.

The trees & shrubs (bushes) in the saline tropical coastal habitats are called as mangrove vegetation. The mangrove vegetation grow more in the tidal region. It get submerged upto stem during high tides and water remains only upto the roots during low tides. Many aquatic animals such as crabs, oysters etc live in the roots of mangroves plants like Rhizophora, Avicaenia etc and many birds nests on the twigs of these plants. Coastal development, coastal agriculture & use of wood for fuel caused immerse damage to the marine wetland.

Wetland Conservation & Management :
Following measures may help to conserve wetland-

  1. Prohibition of solid waste disposal in the wetlands.
  2. Prohibition of change of coastal land use and pollution.
  3. Making of proper regulatory framework for conservation of wetlands in India.

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