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Give a brief account of the conflict between India and Pakistan that arose as a result of partition, with specific reference to the following:

(i) Indus waters dispute. 

(ii) Refugee problem.

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The relationship between India and Pakistan was never cordial since its formation after partition of Indian sub-continent. Both the countries suffered a lot and fought several wars from 1947 to 1965. However, Kashmir remained the main issue of dispute. Pandit Nehru and successive leaders tried to improve the relations between India and Pakistan, but all failed. Among all issued, Indus water dispute and Refugee problem were the two most important issues of disputes. 

Indus waters dispute : Indus waters dispute started over sharing of the Indus river, water and some of its tributaries for irrigation purpose and became an important issue between India and Pakistan. After partition, India got only five million acre of land out of 28 million irrigated by Indus water and its tributaries like Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj. Pakistani canals were solely dependent on the eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies. On the other hand, India wanted to utilise water of the eastern river for agriculture. 

As a result, Indus water became an important issue of dispute. However, dispute was settled through the intervention of Eugene Black, the President of World Bank. Indus Water Treaty was signed on 19th September, 1960. Pandit Nehru went to Karachi and signed the treaty. However, Indian people were not happy because it was a one sided agreement and India got small share in comparison to Pakistan. Moreover, India was supposed to contribute ? 83.3 crores for the construction work to Pakistan. Pandit Nehru however, considered it as a remarkable agreement and thus wanted to settle problems with Pakistan. 

Refugee problem : Indian sub-continent was divided on the religious line. Muslim majority became Pakistan and Hindu majority became India. While, India was established as a secular state, Pakistan decided to be an Islamic republic. The reports of maltreatment oyer the minorities on either side started causing bilateral problems among India and Pakistan. Pandit Nehru and Pakistan Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, held talks on April, 1950 to resolve the minorities problem and an agreement was reached. 

This agreement gave constitutional guarantees for minorities and promised the retum/transfer of refugees and recovery of abducted women. It was also assured freedom of movements and protection during travel to the migrants. Due to this pact, refugee migration dropped to some extent. However, it was increased again with the influx of Hindus from East Pakistan in 1951. Throughout late fifties and early sixties refugees continued to cross over to India. It was becoming a serious problem for Indo-Pak relation. In 1971 there was a massacre and large number of people were killed. This lead to a war between India and Pakistan. Eventually, Pakistan conceded defeat and Bangladesh was formed.

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