(i) Callus : It is a mass of meristematic undifferentiated unorganized cells produced in a culture.
(ii) SNPs : Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are the variations in a nucleotide at genomic DNA in different individuals at a population which occur due to change even in a single base (e.g., A, G, T or C). In human genome, SNPs occur at 1 n – 3.2 million sites.
(iii) Lyophilisation : In this method the microbial suspension is put in small ampoules and frozen through drying under vacuum. Vaccum drying results in sublimation of cell water. The lyophilised cultures are stored at 4°C. The culture remain viable for about 10 years. By this method a large number of cultures are maintained without variation in the characteristics.
(iv) Gene Cloning : It is a process of copying a specific desired gene/section on DNA and producing in large number/quantities.
(v) Cybrids : A cytoplasmicallv hybrid cell with organelles from both parental sources (obtained through fusion of cytoplast with a whole cell) and a nucleus of only one cell Nucleus of the other cell denatured.
