(i) RNA polymerizes get associated transiently with initiation sigma factor (σ). They do not require a primer and can initiate the synthesis of a new chain on the template strand. It binds to the promoter site to start synthesis. The first nucleotide is labelled as + 1 and is called the transcription start site. It polymerizes ribonucleotides in 5′ → 3′ direction over 3′ → 5′ template DNA.
In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase transcribes all m-RNA, r-RNA and t-RNA. However, in case of Eukaryotas there are three different polymerizes i.e., RP+1 for r-RNA, RP-II for m-RNA and RP-III for t-RNA.
Amino acyl t-RNA syntheses couple each amino acid to its appropriate set of t-RNA molecules. There are 20 synthesizes for each of the 20 natural amino acids.
(ii) In prokaryotes, AUG acts as a start/initiation codon as well as codes for methionine. GUG acts as start codon for valine in Eukaryotes. UAA, UAQ UGA function as stop codons and do not code for any amino acid.
