(a) The President.
(b) The Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved. Each member of Rajya Sabha is elected for a term six years. l/3rd of its total member retire at every two years and there are new entrants. Thus the House is never empty. It is a permanent body. It has to play the major role during the periods when Lok Sabha is dissolved.
(c) Lok Sabha must atleast meet two times in a year. Normally three sessions are held in a year.
(d) The President is elected by the members of an Electoral College consisting of :
1. the elected members of both the houses of the Parliament and
2. the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
(e) An ordinance is a direction or command of an authoritative nature. It has the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament. The ordinance is passed at a time when both the Houses of Parliament are not in session.
(f) The press and public opinion act as effective checks on Prime Minister’s authority.
(g) Though the Ministers are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, they shall be individually responsible to the Head of the State. It implies that the Minister shall be liable to be dismissed by the President for their undesirable activities.
(h) We have a Single Unified Judiciary which means all the courts interpret and enforce the State Laws as well as the Laws made by the Union Parliament. The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.
(i) Appellate jurisdiction of the High Court is both civil and criminal cases. In civil cases the High Court hear the appeals against the decision of District judges. In criminal cases appeals against the judgement of a Session judge where sentence of imprisonment exceeds 7 years and in certain other cases.
(j) The Sessions or Additional Sessions judge can alone award death sentences or life imprisonment. The District judge exercises administrative control over the Civil Courts of the District.