1. Texture of soil – The texture of soil is determined by the size of the soil particles. The types of soil include sand,silt and clay on the basis of their size differences.
2. Porosity – The space present between soil particles in a given volume of soil are called pore spaces. The percentage of soil volume occupied by pore space or by the interstitial spaces is cal Ted porosity of the soil.
3. Permeability of soil – The characteristic of soil that determines the movement of water through pore spaces is known as soil permeability. Soil permeability is directly dependent on the pore size. Water holding capacity of the soil is inversely dependent on soil porosity.
4. Soil Temperature – Soil gets its heat energy from solar radiation, decomposing organic matter, and heat from the interior of Earth. Soil temperature effects the germination of seeds, growth of roots and biological activity of soil-inhabiting micro-and macroorganisms.
5. Soil water – In soil, water is not only important as a solvent and transporting agent, but also maintains soil texture, arrangement and compactness of soil particles, making soil habitable for plants and animals.
