(a) By 1830 the whole of South America was free from European domination.
(b) Five republics came into being from the Central America.
(c) The USA occupied Cuba in the year 1898.
(d) Economic growth, urbanisation and industrial growth in countries like Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and Mexico helped consolidate the hold of middle class and the emergence of militant working class oganisations. At the same time American power and wealth came to dominate Central and South America. These factors made olgarchic regimes unpopular in South America.