Antibiotics are metabolic products of microorganisms, which in very low concentration are inhibitory or detrimental to other microbes. In 1929, Alexander Fleming produced the first antibiotic pencillin. In human beings antibiotics are used to control infectious diseases like cholera, diptheria, pneumonia, typhoid, etc.
| Class of Microorganisms |
Type of Microorganism |
Antibiotic produced |
|
Streptomyces griseus |
Streptomycin |
| Bacteria |
Streptomyces erythreus |
Erythromycin |
|
Bacillus subtilis |
Bacitracin |
| Fungi |
Penicillium notatum |
Penicillin |
|
Cephalosporium acremonium |
Cephalosporin |
Vaccines are prepared by killing or making the microbes inactive (attenuated). These inactive microbes are unable to cause the disease, but stimulate the body to produce antibodies against the antigen in the microbes.
| Type of Vaccine |
Name of the vaccine |
Disease |
| Live attenuated |
MMR |
Measles, Mumps and Rubella |
|
BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) |
Tuberculosis |
| Inactivated (Killed antigen) |
Inactivated polio virus (IPV) |
Polio |
| Subunit vaccines (Purified antigens) |
Hepatitis B vaccine |
Hepatitis B |
| Toxoid (Inactivated antigen) |
Tetanus toxoid (TT) |
Tetanus |
|
Ditpheria toxoid |
Diptheria |
|
|
|
