(a) In 1497 A.D. Vasco da Gama sailed from Portugal.
(b) He reached the Cape of Good Hope in Africa.
(c) 1498 A.D. he reached Calicut on the Malabar Coast.
(d) At Calicut, Vasco da Gama was astounded to find pepper and other spices, a precious commodity in Portugal, available at low prices.