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Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that follow: 

The most ancient system yet discovered

About the drains, Mackay noted: “It is certainly the most complete ancient system as yet discovered.” Every house was connected to the street drains. The main channels were made of bricks set in mortar and were covered with loose bricks that could be removed for cleaning. In some cases, limestone was used for the covers. House drains first emptied into a sump or cesspit into which solid matter settled while wastewater flowed out into the street drains. Very long drainage channels were provided at intervals with sumps for cleaning. It is a wonder of archaeology that “little heaps of material, mostly sand, have frequently been found lying alongside drainage channels, which shows … that the debris was not always carted away when the drain was cleared”. 

FROM ERNEST MACKAY, Early Indus Civilisation, 1948.

(1) Enumerate one reason, why, Mackay states that” it is certainly the most complete ancient systems yet discovered” 

(2) Define the term’ grid pattern’ of the Lower town and state one of its features. 

(3)Describe the features of the domestic drainage system.

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(1) It is the most complete ancient system, since, it is : 

(i)Carefully planned drainage system 

(2) Grid pattern means: 

(i) Roads and streets, intersecting at right angles. 

(ii) Streets with drains were laid out first and then houses built along them. 

(iii) Every house needed to have at least one wall along a street. ( any one point) 

(3) The features of the domestic drainage system were :

(i) Every house had its own bathroom paved with bricks, 

(ii) Drains connected through the wall to the street drains.

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