(a) Abstraction is one of the key concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP) languages. Its main goal is to handle complexity by hiding unnecessary details of the object created by user. It enables the user to implement more complex logic on top of the provided abstraction without understanding or even thinking about all the hidden complexity. For example the forward and backward movement of the stereo set is abstracted by buttons like ← and →
(b) Searching is the process of finding one or all locations of any element in the given list of data and deciding if the element is present in the list or not. If that element is present in the list of data then searching is said to be successful otherwise unsuccessful. Sorting is the process of ordering the given data list in ascending or descending manner (numerically, alphabetically or lexicographically).
(c) is Upper Case () is an in-built function of Java, it is used to check if the letters of the given string is in either uppercase or not. It returns true if all letters are in uppercase otherwise returns false. to Upper Case () is also an implicit function of Java that is used to change the lowercase letters of the given string to uppercase.
(d) Private members can be accessed only within the class where they are declared, not outside the class, but public members can be accessed inside as well as outside the class.
(e) (i) char → primitive data type
(ii) arrays → non-primitive data type
(iii) int → primitive data type
(iv) classes → non-primitive data type
