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Chronologically arrange the following top level political negotiations that took place to conciliate the Muslim League position :

(a) Bhulabhai Desai-Liaqat Ali Pact

(b) Simla Conference

(c) Gandhi-Jinnah talks

(d) Rajaji (Raj Gopalachari) formula

Select the correct answer from the code given below :


1. (c), (a), (d), (b)
2. b), (d), (c), (a)
3. (a), (c), (b), (d)
4. (d), (c), (a), (b)

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Best answer
Correct Answer - Option 4 : (d), (c), (a), (b)

Rajaji (Raj Gopalachari) formula

  • During the Second World War, the British government, under the viceroyalty of Lord Linlithgow had said that any move towards an Indian statehood would be possible only if the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Muslim League resolve their differences.
  • The League was increasingly demanding a separate nation of Pakistan for the Muslims whereas the INC was against the partitioning of the country.
  • To break this deadlock between the two major political parties in India, C Rajagopalachari, INC member who was close to Mahatma Gandhi, proposed a set of plans called the C R Formula or Rajaji Formula.
  • This was the first acknowledgement by a Congressman about the inevitability of the partition of the country and a tacit acceptance of Pakistan.

Gandhi-Jinnah talks

  • The CR formula acted as the basis for the negotiations. Gandhi and Jinnah met in September 1944 to ease the deadlock. Gandhi placed the CR formula as his proposal to Jinnah. Negotiations continued for two years and ultimately failed.
  • Jinnah rejected CR Formula arguing that separation could not be deferred till after independence.
  • Gandhi did not accept the view that the Indian Muslims constitute a separate nation, he regarded India as one family consisting of many members, and the Muslims were one of them.
  • Gandhi proposed that only the Muslims living in Baluchistan, Sindh , N.W.F.P and parts of the Punjab, Bengal and Assam, who desired to lives in separation from the rest of India, should form the new state. But on this, Jinnah insisted that Pakistan should include all the six provinces resolution of the Muslim league in 1940.
  • Gandhi suggested that there should be a treaty of separation to provide for foreign affairs, defense, communication, customs commerce and the like, as matters of all these matters, which were the life-blood of common central authority or government. But none of them were acceptable to Jinnah.

Bhulabhai Desai-Liaqat Ali Pact

  • Desai being the leader of the Congress in the Central Assembly and a friend of Liaquat Ali (Leader of Muslim League), met him in January 1945 gave him proposals for the formation of Interim Government at centre.
  •  Nomination of equal number of persons by both in the Central Executive.
  •  Representation of the minorities in particular of the Schedule caste and the Sikhs.

  • The government was to be formed and was to function with the framework of the existing Government of India Act, 1935.

Simla Conference

  • Lord Wavell invited 21 political leaders including Mahatma Gandhi and M A Jinnah to Shimla, the summer capital of British India to discuss the Wavell Plan on June 25th, 1945.
  • Jinnah insisted that only League members could be the Muslim representatives in the Council, and opposed to the Congress nominating Muslim members. This was because Jinnah wanted the League to be the sole representative of Muslims in India. Congress would never agree to this demand.
  • .The conference was a failure because the League and the Congress could not settle their differences.

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