Correct Answer - Option 1 : Lelingrad
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849 - 1936) was a Russian physiologist. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Pavlov and his associates were working in a laboratory at St. Petersburg (Leningrad) on the digestive process of dogs. Pavlov was studying the gastric secretion of the dogs by placing meat powder in their mouth and measuring the saliva.
- For the sake of precision of measurement, Pavlov had arranged to give a signal of light or sound of the bell just before placing the meat powder in the animal’s mouth. However, after a few trials, unexpectedly, the dog started salivating in anticipation of meat powder.
- It began to salivate at the signal - light or sound, even before the meat powder had been given.
- Thus, its salivary response, which should come naturally only after the meat powder touches the taste buds, started to be elicited by a neutral visual or auditory stimulus even before the meat powder was given.
- Pavlov also noted that the amount of salivation in response to the light or sound was less in amount than the salivation that occurred in response to meat powder.
Hence, we conclude that Pavlov did his experiment in Leningrad.
Pavlov identified four essential elements of the learning processes. They are:
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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): The natural stimulus that elicits a natural response. In Pavlov’s experiment, the meat powder was the UCS.
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Unconditioned response (UCR): The natural response elicited to the natural stimulus. In Pavlov’s experiment, the salivation was the UCR.
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Conditioned stimulus (CS): The neutral stimulus that does not naturally elicit the target response, but may do so after being associated with the UCS a number of times. In Pavlov’s experiment, the light or the sound of the bell was the CS.
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Conditioned response (CR): The target response similar to the UCR that originally occurred to the UCS only, but after conditioning occurred to CS, even in absence of the UCS. In Pavlov’s experiment, the salivation that occurred in response to the light or bell was the CR. You must remember here that the UCR and the CR are similar but not the same. Pavlov noticed that the amount of salivation was less in response to the light/bell in comparison to the original salivation in response to meat powder.
