Correct Answer - Option 1 : Piaget
Jean Piaget was a swiss psychologist who is well renowned for his work in child development. He proposed 'Theory of Cognitive Development' under the cognitive constructivist approach. His theory is basically divided into two parts:
- The first part includes the stages of development of children at a different level of ages, while the second part describes the development of cognitive abilities at different ages i.e., mental ability and process that are brain-based skills.
- According to Piaget the children should be provided with real-world problems so that they can construct and build up their own concepts by using their cognitive abilities to analyze and comprehend the complex phenomenon.
Stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory:
| Stage |
Age |
Characteristics |
| Sensory-motor stage |
Birth to 2 years |
- Manipulation of objects in the environment.
- Children achieve object permanence i.e., knowing that an object exists even when it is hidden.
|
| Pre-operational stage |
Between 2 to 7 years |
- The child begins to acquire vocabulary and to think symbolically.
- Thinking is still egocentric, and the child faces difficulty in taking the viewpoint of others.
-
Irreversibility of thought is seen during the preoperational stage.
|
| Concrete operational stage |
Between ages of 7 and 11 |
- The child learns to add, multiply, etc. They mark the beginning of logical or operational thought.
- Children can conserve numbers. It is the understanding that something stays the same in quantity even when its appearance changes.
|
| Formal operational stage |
11 yr and above |
- The child begins to think abstractly.
- They develop abilities to think about abstract concepts and test hypotheses.
- Becomes concerned with hypothetical, future, and ideological problems.
|
Hence, it could be concluded that Jean Piaget is the founding father of the cognitive constructivist approach.
| John Dewey |
- He was a pragmatist and the founder of the project method.
- He emphasized learning by doing and by self-experience. He also said that children must be given opportunities for self-discovery, self-activity, and artistic expression.
|
| Vygotsky |
- He has proposed "Socio-cultural Theory" which emphasizes that social interaction is the primary cause of learners' development.
- His theory emphasizes that children learn through interaction and collaboration with skilled and knowledgeable people.
|
| Bruner |
- Jerome Bruner, an American psychologist has made crucial contributions in the field of human cognitive psychology.
- He looks at human beings as information processors, thinkers, creators, and treats the learner as a reactive organism who actively works achieve certain goals.
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