Urinary tract infection: Female’s urethra is very short and its external opening is close to the anal opening, hence improper toilet habits can easily carry faecal bacteria into the urethra. The urethral mucosa is continuous with the urinary tract and the inflammation of the urethra (urethritis) can ascend the tract to cause bladder inflammation (cystitis) or even renal inflammation (pyelitis or pyelonephritis). Symptoms include dysuria (painful urination), urinary urgency, fever, and sometimes cloudy or blood-tinged urine. When the kidneys are inflamed, back pain and severe headache often occur. Most urinary tract infections can be treated by antibiotics.
Renal Failure (Kidney Failure): Failure of the kidneys to excrete wastes may lead to accumulation of urea with a marked reduction in the urine output. Renal failure is of two types, Acute, and chronic renal failure. In acute renal failure, the kidney stops its function abruptly, but there are chances for recovery of kidney functions. In chronic renal failure, there is a progressive loss of .function of the nephrons which gradually decreases the function of kidneys.
Uremia: Uremia is characterized by an increase in urea and other non-protein nitrogenous substances like uric acid and creatinine in the blood. The normal urea level in human blood is about 17-30mg/100mL of blood. The urea concentration rises to 10 times normal levels during chronic renal failure.
Renal calculi: Renal calculi, also called renal stone or nephrolithiasis, is the formation of hard stone-like masses in the renal tubules of the renal pelvis. It is mainly due to the accumulation of soluble crystals of salts of sodium oxalates and certain phosphates.
This results in severe pain called “renal colic pain” and can cause scars in the kidneys. Renal stones can be removed by techniques like pyleothotomy or lithotripsy.
Glomerulonephritis: It is also called Bright’s disease and is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli of both kidneys and is usually due to post-streptococcal infection that occurs in children. Symptoms are haematuria, proteinuria, salt and water retention, oliguria, hypertension, and pulmonary oedema.
