(a) Time Study : It determines the standard time taken to perform a well-defined job. The standard time is fixed for the whole of the task by taking several readings. The method of time study will depend upon volume and frequency of the task, the cycle time of the operation and time measurement costs.
There are three objectives achieved through time study
1. Determine the number of workers
2. Frame suitable incentive schemes
3. Determines labour costs.
e. g. If the standard time taken to do a piece of work is 20 minutes, then one such work can be done 3 times in an hour and 21 times (7 hrs working) in a single day.
(b) Motion Study : Motion study refers to the study of movements like lifting putting objects, sitting and changing positions. On close examination of body motions it is possible to categorize three types of motions
1. Motions which are productive.
2. Motions which are incidental.
3. Motions which are unproductive.
Out of the above three, workers are motivated to eliminate the third type completely and reduce the second one to the minimum This helps in increasing the productivity.
(c) Fatigue Study: Fatigue study seeks to determine the amount and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task. A person is bound to feel tired physically and mentally if he does not take rest while working. The rest intervals will help one to regain stamina and work again with the same efficiency. For e.g., in an organisation working hours are 9 to 5. There is a lunch break of an hour for the workers to take rest. Similarly in a school, there is a break for the students and teachers after 4 periods of continuous learning.
(d) Method Study: The objective of method study is to find out one best way of doing the job. Different managers would use their own methods of getting the work done. But there is always one best method. Right from procurement of raw materials till the final product is delivered to the customer every activity is the part of method study. The objective of whole exercise is to minimise the cost of production and maximise the satisfaction of the customer.
(e) Simplification and Standardisation of Work: Standardisation refers to the process of setting standards for every business activity e.g., process, raw material, time, product, machinery, methods or working conditions.
The objective of standardisation are:
1. To reduce product to fixed types, sizes, features etc.
2. To establish interchangeability of various parts.
3. To establish standards of excellence and quality in materials.
4. To establish standards of performance of men and machines.
Simplification aims at eliminating unnecessary diversity of products. It results in savings of cost of labour, machines and tools. It implies reduced inventories, fuller utilisation of equipment and increasing turnover.
