(i) Ulcers:
(a) Under normal circumstances the presence of HCl in the stomach does not harm the stomach epithelium as it remains protected by a layer of mucus secreted by the goblets cells.
(b) The mucus being slightly alkaline neutralizes the HCl. But in certain persons, these protective mechanisms are inadequate which leads to the erosions, termed as ulcers
(c) In some persons, presence of parasites in the alimentary canal also cause ulcers.
(ii) Constipation:
(a) When a person does not pass regular stools he is supposed to suffer from constipation.
(b) It is a condition in which defecation occurs only at prolonged intervals or it is inadequate or irregular.
(c) Constipation may occur due to decreased motility, a diet containing less fluids, fibres or too much adsorption of water by the colon.
