Question

The historic 73^rd and 74^th amendment act relates to
1. Local Self Government
2. Anti-Defection
3. Emergency Provisions
4. Parliamentary powers to amend the constitution
5.

Answer 1

Correct Answer - Option 1 : Local Self Government

The correct answer is Local Self Government.

• 74^th Amendment:
  • The 74th Constitutional amendment act 1992 deals with the provisions related to the Municipalities.
  • Part IXA (Schedule 12) of the Constitution of India deals with the Municipalities.
  • The governance of urban areas by the people through the representatives elected by them signifies the term "Urban Local Government" in India.
  • The jurisdiction of the Urban Local Government is limited to specific Urban areas demarcated for this purpose by the State Government.
  • The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 Constitutionalized the system of Urban Local Government.
  • The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 contains 18 subjects. It gives Municipalities Constitutional status and brings them under Judicial review.
  • There are eight types of Urban Local Bodies in India:
    • Special Purpose agency
    • Township
    • Municipality
    • Notified area committee
    • Municipal Corporation
    • Town area committee
    • Cantonment Board

• 73rd Constitutional Amendment:

  • Panchayati Raj system is the system that ensures the participation of individuals at the grass-root level.
  • 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 is related to the Panchayati Raj system.
  • Rajasthan is the first state to implement the Panchayati Raj system on 2nd October 1959 in its Nagaur district.
  • The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee recommended 3- tier structure consisting of
    • Zilla Parishad at the District Level
    • Panchayat Samiti at the Block Level
    • Gram Panchayat at the Village Level
  • Ashok Mehta Committee appointed in December 1977 by Janata Party Government in 1978 submitted its report stating replacement of 3-tier system by a 2-tier system consisting of Mandal Panchayats at the base and Zila Parishad at the top.
  • The chairman of the Gram Panchayat at the village level is called Pradhan. He is directly elected by the Gram Sabha.
  • The chairman of the Panchayat Samiti is called Block Pramukh. He is indirectly elected.
  • The election at the Panchayat Raj level is done by the State Election Commission.
  • Part IX (Schedule 11) of the Constitution of India deals with the Panchayati Raj system.

•  Amendments:
  • The total number of amendments in the Indian Constitution is 104.
  • As of January 2020, there have been 104 amendments to the Constitution of India since it was first enacted in 1950.
  • There are three types of amendments to the Constitution of India of which the second and third type of amendments are governed by Article 368.
    • The first type of amendments includes that can be passed by "simple majority" in each house of the Parliament of India.
    • The second type of amendment includes that can be affected by the parliament by a prescribed "special majority" in each house.
    • The third type of amendments includes those that require, in addition to such a "special majority" in each house of the parliament, ratification by at least one-half of the State Legislatures.
      • The third type amendments that are made to the constitution are amendments No. 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103 and 104.