Correct Answer - Option 4 : Thorndike
There are many theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such as cognitive, humanistic, behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.
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E. L. Thorndike, an American psychologist, the propounder of "Trial & Error Theory" has developed three primary laws of learning that lead to development.
These primary laws are:
| Law of readiness |
- It refers to the degree of eagerness and inquisitiveness to learn something new.
- It implies that if you are not ready to learn something, you cannot learn it effectively.
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Law of exercise
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- It is based on practice and drills to learn something for a long period.
- This is essentially constituted of two laws i.e. the law of use and the law of disuse.
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Law of
effect
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- It is based on motivation and reinforcement to make the learning experience pleasant for learners.
- It implies that it is our natural tendency to learn things that give us happiness and satisfaction.
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Hence, it could be concluded that the Trial and Error principle of Learning was developed by Thorndike.
Thorndike's Supplementary law (also known as minor laws to education):
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Law of Multiple Responding: It refers to different types of responses often occurs initially to a stimulus, then reaching to the correct response.
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Law of Attitude, Disposition or States: It refers to the condition of a learner that influences learning.
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Law of Partial or Piecemeal Activity of a situation: It refers to the tendency to respond to particular elements or features of a stimulus situation rather than on the whole to improve the result.
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Law of Assimilation of response by Analogy: It is the tendency to respond automatically as responded in the past.
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Law of Associative Shifting: Successfully applying the same response until a new situation comes (For example to apply the same formula in similar questions).
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Law of Primacy: It refers to the idea that the first step matters the most.
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The law of recency: It is the tendency that refers to the idea that the most recent task matters the most
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Law of Intensity of Stimulus: The more strong the stimulus, the better the response.
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Reinforcement Theory
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Hull
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Positive or negative reinforcement increases the likelihood that the same behavior will happen again in the future if the same need arises.
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| Theory of classical conditioning |
Ivan Pavlov
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Theory emphasizes that behavior is learned by a repetitive association between the response and the stimulus. |
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Cognitive theory |
Tolman |
It focuses on the fact that learning takes place by thinking about the problem, from the insight of the individual, and from integrating different cues or pieces of information. |
