After 1815, many liberal nationalist went underground for fear of repression. They founded many underground societies. For example; First young Italy in Marseilles and then young Europe in Berne. following the same many secret societies were set up in Germany, France, switzerland and Poland. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
(i) They established many secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
(ii) They opposed monarchical forms of governments that were established after the Vienna Congress.
(iii) They fought for liberty and freedom and thought the creation of nation-state as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom.
(iv) Giuseppe Mazzini founded secret societies like Young Italy and Young Europe for the unification of fragmented Italy.
(v) Following Mazzini’s model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
