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Name Non-communicable diseases. Explain any two of them in detail.

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Non-Infectious Diseases:

  • Such diseases are not caused by infection, therefore they are called as non-infectious diseases. Some of them are as follows:

Cancer:

  • It is a complex disease which may occur in any body part.
  • Cell division in the human body is a normal feature but as and when the regulatory process of the division gets disturbs, the cells start to divide in an uncontrolled manner. i.e. cancer is a stage when “cell gets mad”.
  • This results in the formation of a cellular lump which is called as Tumour.
  • Lung cancer is the most common in human beings.
  • In women, mammary cancer is most common.

Types of Tumour It is of two types:

  • Benign Tumour: They are generally confined to the point of origination and do not have the ability to spread to other parts of the body. They are not detrimental.
  • Malignant Tumour: Malignant tumours are called cancerous. They can spread from one part to another part of the body. The new tumour starts to appear at different places which are called Metastasis.

Diagnosis:

  1. Precancer stage & tumour stage of cancer can be investigated on the basis of the following symptoms:
  • Any swelling or blister or boil which do not cure or reoccurs after getting cured.
  • Fluidity discharge from somebody orifice in a continuous or periodic manner.
  • Presence of some lump of tissue in an organ or lump like structure. It occurs with breast cancer.
  • Indigestion or Irregularity in the stomach which occurs repeatedly. Severe constipation and diarrhoea which may get cured but appears repeatedly.
  • Sudden loss of body weight.
  • Regular coughing or sore throat for a long time.
  1. The diagnosis of cancer is based upon biopsy and by counting an increase in the number of a cell of blood or bone marrow examination is done. (In case of Leukemia or blood cancer).
  • Biopsy of a doubtfull tissue is carried out for microscopic examination of the stained thin sections & pathology is observed.
  • Radiography (using X-ray), computed tomography and magnetic tomography etc. are some techniques which are used for the detection of cancer in internal organs.
  • For detection of a certain type of cancers, specific antibodies are used against cancer-specific antigens. MRI requires the use of a strong magnetic field while X-rays (ionizing radiations) are used for radiography.

Types of Cancer:

On the basis of affected tissue, cancers are of different types, such as –Carcinoma: Cancer originating from epithelial cells are called Carcinoma. They normally originate on the skin and internal organs surface.

  • Sarcoma: Such cancers originates from connective tissues. They are normally associated with the mesodermic structures.
  • Osteoma: Cancers associated with bones are called Osteoma.
  • Fibroma: Cancers associated with filamentous tissues are called fibroma.
  • Glioma: Such cancers are associated with the connective tissues of the nervous system and brain.
  • Melanoma: They are the fast-growing pigmented tumour on the skin. It is caused by excess growth of melanocytes.
  • Lymphoma: Cancers which arises in lymph nodes and other tissues of the lymphatic system are called lymphoma.

Treatment of Cancer:

  • Tools of molecular biology are used to find out the genes responsible for cancer. Identification of such genes is essential which predispose the person for cancer
    Treatment.
  • The following are some treatment procedures –
  • Radiotherapy: In this treatment cancer cells are destroyed by using radiation.
  • Chemotherapy (Chemical treatment): In this therapy, cancer cells are treated with anticancer medicines. Alopecia and anaemia are the major side effects of this treatment.
  • Nowadays most of the cancer treatments are based upon a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Interferons are also used to destroy cancer cells. Interferons activate the immune system which in turn destroy the cancer cells.

Causes of Cancer:

  • The factors which cause the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells are called Carcinogens. Some of them are as follows:
  • Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiations:
  • Examples: X rays, Gama Rays, UV rays etc.
  • Physical Stimuli: Such as Kangri used in Kashmir.
  • Chemical Factors: Testosterone, Caffein, Estrogen, Cigar, Tobacco products, heavy metals mustard gas etc.
  • Biological factors: Oncoviruses: Ejstine Barr virus, Herpes simplex virus, SV-40 virus etc.
  • Oncogenes.

Allergy or Hypersensitivity:

  • The body responds characteristically to some substances i.e. the body is hypersensitive to some substances which are called as an allergy.
  • The substances which cause allergy are called allergens. For examples carbon particles, pollen granules, dust particles, some proteins etc.
  • Term “allergy” was coined by Parquet.
  • The allergy is of 4 types –
  • Anaphylactic reactions
  • Cytotoxic reactions
  • Toxic-complex syndrome reactions
  • Delayed-hypersensitivity cell-mediated reactions
  • In allergy, the mast cells secrete histamine. In mast cells, the histamine is found in the form of inactive histidine.
  • The mast cells also secrete serotonin which is secreted in the allergy caused by food. It causes muscles contraction & increases cellular permeability.
  • Antihistamines & steroids give fast relief in allergy.
  • IgE type of antigen is generally produced against allergens. Running nose, sneezing and coughing, difficulty in respiration are some of the symptoms of allergy.

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