Correct Answer - Option 3 : Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the 'Theory of Classical Conditioning' which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.
- It is simply a Stimulus-Response type of learning, wherein place of natural stimulus like food water, sex, etc. an artificial stimulus like the sound of the bell, the sight of the light of a definite color, etc. can evoke a natural response.
Concepts related to classical conditioning:
-
Neutral Stimulus: It is a stimulus which is not responsible directly for the desired response in the neutral condition.
-
Spontaneous Recovery: It refers to the unplanned recovery of previously extinct responses.
-
Extinction: If only conditioned stimulus is being presented repeatedly without associating with the unconditioned one, the desired behaviour (salivation) faded and stopped to occur.
-
Conditioned Response: The behaviour or response occurred due to conditioned stimulus, is known as a conditioned response, e.g. salivation on the sound of trainer’s footsteps coming down the stairs is a conditional reflex.
-
Unconditional Response: The behaviour which does not require any training or conditioning for association with an unconditioned stimulus, e.g. salivation is the unconditioned response for food as the unconditioned stimulus.
-
Unconditional Stimulus: It is a stimulus which does not require any conditioning for desired behaviour. Sometimes it is known as natural stimulus also, e.g. Food is an unconditioned stimulus for salivation.
-
Conditional Stimulus: When a neutral stimulus is conditioned with an unconditioned stimulus for bringing desired behaviour change, it becomes a conditioned stimulus.
Hence, it could be concluded that Classical Conditioning Theory was advocated by Pavlov.
|
Theory
|
Propounder
|
Main Idea
|
|
Operant Conditioning
|
B. F. Skinner
|
The theory implies the idea that learning takes place through rewarding a certain behavior or withholding reward for undesirable behavior.
|
|
Behavioral theory
|
J.B. Watson
|
This theory emphasizes that the environment is the prime factor in shaping an individual's behavior.
|
